ABSTRACT
La pandemia COVID-19 ha provocado cambios en los estilos de vida, principalmente en los hábitos y conductas alimentarias saludables. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la asociación de los hábitos alimentarios, conductas alimentarias familiares, estilos de vida y percepción del estado nutricional con el riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños y adolescentes durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio transversal, con una muestra n= 661 niños y adolescentes, mediante un cuestionario de autoinforme en línea realizado durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Se observó 37,5% de malnutrición por exceso. Los estilos de vida como dormir las horas recomendadas según edad y tener conductas familiares saludables disminuyó en 49,0% (OR= 0,510, p= <0,001) y 10,8% (OR= 0,892, p= 0,01) respectivamente, el riesgo de malnutrición por exceso. La percepción de los padres sobre un aumento de peso durante la pandemia, la distorsión del estado nutricional y el riesgo a la salud del estado nutricional de sus hijos aumentó 4.8 (OR= 4,846, p= <0,001), 8,5 (OR= 8,580, p= <0,001) y 3,8 (OR= 3,826, p= 0,001) veces respectivamente, el riesgo de malnutrición por exceso en niños y adolescentes. En conclusión, el confinamiento por COVID-19 y el cierre de las escuelas podrían haber afectado los estilos de vida. Además, es fundamental el rol de los padres en la percepción del estado nutricional y en las conductas alimentarias familiares, ya que podrían ser un factor predictor del riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad. Estos hallazgos ameritan investigaciones futuras para diseñar planes y programas para evitar las consecuencias relacionadas al sobrepeso y obesidad.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes in people's lifestyles, mainly in healthy eating habits and behaviors. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the association of eating habits, family eating behaviors, lifestyles, and perception of nutritional status with the risk of overnutrition in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 661 Chilean children and adolescents. The study tool was an online self-report questionnaire taken during the COVID-19 lockdown. We observed overnutrition in 37.5%. Habits such as sleeping the recommended number of hours by age group and having healthy family behaviors decreased the risk of overnutrition by 49.0% (OR= 0.510, p= <0.001) and 10.8% (OR= 0.892, p= 0.01), respectively. Parents' perception of weight gain during the pandemic, the distortion of nutritional status and the health risk of their children's nutritional status increased 4.8 (OR= 4.846, p= <0.001), 8.5 (OR= 8.580, p= <0.001) and 3.8 (OR= 3.826, p= <0.001) times, respectively, the risk of overnutrition in children and adolescents. In conclusion, the COVID-19 lockdown and school closures may have affected lifestyles. In addition, the role of parents in the perception of nutritional status and family eating behaviors is fundamental since they could be a predictor of the risk of overnutrition. These findings propose further research to design plans and programs to avoid the consequences related to overweight and obesity.
ABSTRACT
Infants and children are a risk group in terms of developing healthy habits, an important aspect if we consider that many of them were born during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective was to evaluate compliance with lifestyle recommendations proposed at the national and international levels in children aged 0 to 23 months during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 211 online questionnaires were completed with sociodemographic and lifestyle information of children. Our results show high compliance with the recommendations on breastfeeding intake (78.3% and 69.5% in 0-5-month-old and 6-23-month-old children, respectively); age of starting complementary feeding (87.4%); non-consumption of salt and sugar (80.1%), non-caloric sweeteners (90.7%), and sweet and salty snacks (68.9%); and hours of physical activity (66.8%) and sleep (65.4%). However, we observed low compliance with the recommendations on the age of introduction of dinner (58.0%), eggs (23.0%), legumes (39.2%), and fish (35.1%); low consumption of legumes (43.4%) and fish (20.5%); and low compliance with the recommendations on screen use during meals (59.2%) and daily screen hours (41.2%). In conclusion, feeding behavior, physical activity, use of screens, and hours of sleep in children were altered by confinement during the pandemic, harming the development of healthy lifestyles.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es un conjunto de alteraciones del desarrollo neurológico, deterioro de la interacción social, lenguaje y comunicación, el cual ha aumentado a nivel mundial en los últimos años. El deterioro de esta condición ocurre principalmente a nivel cerebral y actualmente se ha postulado que la disfunción mitocondrial (DM), el aumento del estrés oxidativo y la disminución de la defensa antioxidante conducen a un desequilibrio en la capacidad de contrarrestar los efectos nocivos del estrés oxidativo, como degradación oxidativa de lípidos, proteínas y ADN que puede causar daño en el tejido cerebral, lo que conduce a síntomas clínicos y comportamientos del TEA. La disfunción mitocondrial principalmente puede ocurrir debido a anomalías en la cadena transportadora de electrones, que a su vez induce y aumenta el estrés oxidativo. Por otro lado, el cerebro es sumamente vulnerable al estrés oxidativo, por su alto consumo de oxígeno, su limitada capacidad antioxidante, mayor cantidad de ácidos grasos y hierro. Esta mayor susceptibilidad del cerebro al daño oxidativo destaca la importancia de comprender el papel del estrés oxidativo en las manifestaciones clínicas del TEA. Diversos estudios han observado un aumento de los marcadores de estrés oxidativo y una disminución en las enzimas antioxidantes en el autismo. Por lo tanto, mejorar el estado oxidativo y mantener el equilibrio redox podría mejorar las manifestaciones clínicas del autismo. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión narrativa sobre estrés oxidativo y disfunción mitocondrial asociado al trastorno del espectro autista.
ABSTRACT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders, impaired social interaction, language, and communication, which has increased worldwide in recent years. The deterioration of this condition occurs mainly at the brain level, currently it has been postulated that mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense leads to an imbalance in the ability to counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress, such as oxidative degradation of lipids, proteins, and DNA that can cause damage to brain tissue, leading to the clinical symptoms and behaviors of ASD. Mitochondrial dysfunction can occur due to abnormalities in the electron transport chain, which induces and increases oxidative stress. On the other hand, the brain is extremely vulnerable to oxidative stress, due to its high oxygen consumption, its limited antioxidant capacity, and higher amounts of fatty acids and iron. This increased susceptibility of the brain to oxidative damage highlights the importance of understanding the role of oxidative stress in the clinical manifestations of ASD. Several studies have observed an increase in oxidative stress markers and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes in autism. Therefore, improving the oxidative state and maintaining the redox balance could improve the clinical manifestations of autism. The present study aims to carry out a narrative review on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction associated with ASD.
ABSTRACT
Lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced feeding behaviour and lifestyle in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to analyse feeding behaviour and lifestyle in children and adolescents one year after lockdown by the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. In this cross-sectional study an online survey was implemented in 1083 parents and caregivers regarding their children's feeding behaviour and lifestyle and sociodemographic background. The results showed that "eat breakfast daily" (89.2%), "not overnight food intake" (69.9%) and "not fast-food intake" (66.0%) were the most frequent reported feeding behaviours, particularly in pre-school children. Respondents declaring healthy feeding behaviours and lifestyle were 23.4 and 23.7%, respectively, with no significant differences by sex. In pre-school children, families with three or fewer members and parents or caregivers with an undergraduate or postgraduate degree reported a significantly better feeding behaviour and lifestyle compared to families with more than three members and parents or caregivers without an undergraduate or postgraduate degree. In conclusion, the pandemic lockdown had a negative impact in lifestyle in children and particularly in adolescents. Healthier feeding behaviour was associated with fewer family members and parents or caregivers with at least an undergraduate degree.
